Leadership development is notoriously difficult to get right. For years consultants, business school gurus and other experts have created new trends as they have attempted to define what makes a good leader and how those characteristics can be developed. 

These trends have included authentic leadership, transformational leadership and emotionally intelligent leadership among others. Whilst it is likely that there is value in all of these there is no evidence at all to suggest that high authenticity or emotional intelligence for example, will cause a person to be a better leader. (Most of us probably know poor leaders who are very authentic or highly emotionally intelligent. If we are very unlucky we have also worked for one!) 

John Antonakis*, Professor of Organisational Behaviour at the University of Lausanne, describes this as the classic problem when experts mix up correlation with causation. Most experts examine the top performing companies and then look to see what their CEOs have in common. They then determine that these are the essential characteristics of success and go on to promote developing those features in others.  Antonakis illustrates the problem: "it’s like studying the top CEOs in Switzerland and saying their names are Hans, Ulrich, Juergen, Joerg, and what have you. What do they have in common? They’re male. If the top 10 performing companies have a male with a Germanic name as CEO, does it mean that you need to have a Swiss German male to run a top performing company? No. Because the bottom performing companies probably also have Swiss German male CEOs running them". 

A very firm advocate of evidence-based practice, Antonakis outlines what the characteristics known to be important in good leaders are:

• personality traits such as emotional stability, extraversion, conscientiousness and open-mindedness
• intelligence - to be effective a leader must be smarter than the average in the group BUT not too much smarter as that risks the group not understanding or being left behind
• task-oriented leadership - having a good grasp of the system, the organisation and the strategy 

Once these essentials are in place, people and communication skills come to the fore (but without these essentials will remain ineffective). Other characteristics may well prove to be important, but the evidence isn't there yet. 

Good, effective assessments for these characteristics are readily available and can form a robust basis for selection and promotion decisions as well as underpinning leadership development programmes.  

To discuss how we can help you with these approaches for development and assessment, or our leadership development programmes generally, do get in touch.

The challenge for all businesses to be able to attract and retain the best people they can is well known and much talked about. Many firms turn to their relatively low staff turnover or the number of applicants to their recruitment initiatives and conclude that all is well. But is this right?

Not infrequently we work with people on development programmes and workshops who, to put it charitably, are not exactly 'on fire' with enthusiasm for their job or their firm. Most of them are not doing a poor job but they are not performing anywhere near as well as they could be - meaning that both firm and lawyer suffer. They frequently feel stuck and undervalued in the role and would prefer to be doing something different – or differently. This is not where optimal performance or job satisfaction comes from. From the wider business perspective this also creates vulnerability; the risk of good people being poached by other firms - always a concern - becomes greater.
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What does it take to attract and retain good people who are committed and perform well? 

​A couple of weeks ago (10 October) the first female chairman of the Institute of Directors, Lady Judge, caused controversy when she said that mothers risk losing their jobs if they take long maternity breaks. She argued that the American system, which entitles new mothers to 12 weeks of unpaid leave, was better than its UK counterpart because it ensured that women's careers did not "come off the tracks".

​The global leadership selection and consultancy firm Borderless has just published its global survey of 1,000 senior executives on leadership development.

Using the respondents' definition of leadership ("the act of taking ownership for business results delivered by people"), the report "supports a call for a more balanced approach to leadership development, which stands on two pillars: the development of skills to visualize, plan and monitor business results, and the development of interpersonal (‘people’) skills to deliver them".  

​Accordingly the survey asks respondents to assess the effectiveness with which these skills and attributes are developed in organisations. The findings present a mixed, and in parts troubling, picture.

Respondents were asked to list their top three leadership challenges of 2016. The most common were:

1. Managing change and innovation (31%)
2. Ensuring people take personal accountability and ownership (27%)
3. Addressing a silo mentality (17%)

In response to these, the top 6 leadership skills they considered to be required to lead organisations and meet these challenges effectively were:

1. Strategic thinking (53%)
2. Communication (49%)
3. Decision-making (36%)
4. Motivating others (33%)
5. Emotional intelligence (32%)
6. Coaching and mentoring (25%)

These are all, so-called, soft skills.

They all relate to inter-personal effectiveness and the balance required to be struck between these soft skills and business acumen. To be effective leaders, these skills need to be developed and given the opportunity to be practiced and fine-tuned.

However, many respondents considered that their organisations lacked a focus on leadership development and considered it merely as "nice to have" rather than a strategic imperative. They reported that their organisations tended to hire in leadership skills in senior executives from outside rather than growing and advancing these skills from within the organisation. This over reliance on 'hiring in' can be significantly demotivating to those with leadership potential who may see the lack of promotion opportunity as compounding the lack of development provision. 

Of those organisations providing leadership development, two-thirds of leadership development participation is optional. In few other professions would it be considered acceptable that people may occupy senior positions in organisations - responsible for profitability, growth and jobs - without the skills development that accompany them. 

​So what do these senior executives consider is necessary for effective leadership development?

In the first place, and consistent with other surveys of this type in recent years, the majority (56%) consider that support from top management is a critical success factor in effective leadership development in organisations. Importantly they comment that this should not just be "parked in HR". Supporting this they consider that there should be an organisational focus on people and talent management in the organisation and sufficient resources allocated to it. 

80% of those surveyed report that coaching is effective in leadership development but that there is room for improvement. Nearly a third of organisations had no coaching or mentoring support in place at all for leadership development and surprisingly only 36% used external coaches or a mix of internal and external coaches for this work. The need to use better qualified and more experienced coaches was identified. In particular, in order to enhance the quality of tomorrow's leaders, leadership development programmes should be grounded in real-life work (and should not just comprise additional tasks for busy executives to complete). 
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The Borderless report, 2016 Survey of Leadership Development, is available in full here.

A couple of weeks ago during a busy coaching week I met with a number of new as well as existing clients. I was struck by the fact that a significant proportion of them had recently experienced extremely difficult life events or were in the process of doing so. They variously described experiencing a miscarriage, the loss of a parent, diagnosis of a seriously debilitating illness, discovering that their teenager was self-harming, the death of a child, a partner's infidelity. Hearing about these events in such quick succession and in a short space of time was striking. It brought home to me just how commonplace these very difficult, often tragic, life events are. 

This is the kind of stuff that we deal with throughout our lives. If we are lucky, we  may escape many of them but most of us will certainly experience "bad stuff" at some time or other. What was striking to me was that all of these people were quietly struggling with these events whilst trying to keep everything else going - including work.

The world of leadership development is the subject of so many fads and fashions that many prefer to reject it entirely than be swept up in the latest trend or buzzword. It is therefore refreshing when a leadership theory emerges that is actually based on research and evidence.

A series of corporate scandals over the last fifteen years (Lehman's and RBS spring quickly to mind, and these are now joined by Volkswagen) have created the requirement and context for the theory of Authentic Leadership. This has been studied and written about for the last decade but until recently there had been no research looking at how leaders develop either authenticity or authentic leadership. [In the US, over $10bn is spent on leadership development each year despite, to date, little theoretical or empirical evidence to support it.]

What is authentic leadership? Authentic leadership is considered to encompass four key components:

In our development work with leaders and teams we emphasise the importance of creating positive, energising working environments. We say that this is essential in order to facilitate the best performance from ourselves, and for our colleagues and teams.

We're also aware that this can just sound like the latest management 'blah blah' speak! So, is this really important and what is it about?

As the conditions in which we work become more pressurised and stressful, so our performance tends to decrease at a corresponding rate. When we work in positive, energising environments, our performance increases accordingly. What is going on?

Simply put, stressful conditions cause us to feel anxious - levels of stress hormones (particularly cortisol) increase and the short term effect on the brain is to negatively affect our cognitive thinking ability. Our ability to process information, make decisions and to make judgments is impaired (when we are highly stressed our IQ is said to temporarily decrease around 10 points which is quite a drop when you consider that the average IQ is always 100). In the longer term, sustained exposure to high cortisol levels is associated with heart disease, stomach ulcers, and increased abdominal fat, among others. So, conditions of negative stress are not good for us in terms of well-being, are linked to poor performance, and are not a particularly satisfying or rewarding way of working either. We are simply not at our best when under these conditions.

When we are at our best however our brains are influenced by (and influencing) different conditions. When levels of hormones such as seratonin and dopamine rise they help to reduce cortisol levels and are also associated with an increase in critical thinking capacity, decision making and judgment, and creativity. The ease and speed with which 'information' flows around our neural pathways is optimised This is when we do our best work. Associated with this are lower stress levels, lower rates of heart disease, quicker recovery from illness, increased confidence and greater happiness. [See Shaun Achor's TEDTalk about the "Happiness Advantage]

Let's make it easy...So the question for leadership teams is, how do we create these positive conditions in which we and our teams may flourish?

This is where the strengths approach comes in. Evidence shows that using our strengths more and focusing on our weaknesses less, helps to create those optimal brain conditions. People who use their strengths more:

• are happier and more confident
• have higher levels of energy and vitality
• experience less stress and are more resilient
• perform better at work and are more engaged

Our strengths-based team work starts with an assessment of individual and collective strengths with follow-up feedback to ensure understanding and awareness. We then coach and facilitate individuals and teams in strategies and actions to harness their strengths to maximum advantage whilst at the same time minimising the impact of weaknesses. Our experience in this work repeatedly confirms the performance benefits of creating optimistic, energised, positive working environments and doing away with negative, highly-critical and even hostile working conditions. And, by the way, this does much to enhance job satisfaction and happiness too...

​We believe that life can be complicated enough. Let's make our work performance, and the personal fulfilment that results, as easy as it can be.